The respiration of a pure air is at all times, and under all circumstances, indispensable to the health of the infant. The nursery therefore should be large, well ventilated, in an elevated part of the house, and so situated as to admit a free supply both of air and light. For the same reasons, the room in which the infant sleeps should be large, and the air frequently renewed; for nothing is so prejudicial to its health as sleeping in an impure and heated atmosphere. The practice, therefore, of drawing thick curtains closely round the bed is highly pernicious; they only answer a useful purpose when they defend the infant from any draught of cold air. 

The proper time for taking the infant into the open air must, of course, be determined by the season of the year, and the state of the weather. "A delicate infant born late in the autumn will not generally derive advantage from being carried into the open air, in this climate, till the succeeding spring; and if the rooms in which he is kept are large, often changed, and well ventilated, he will not suffer from the confinement, while he will, most probably, escape catarrhal affections, which are so often the consequence of the injudicious exposure of infants to a cold and humid atmosphere." If, however, the child is strong and healthy, no opportunity should be lost of taking it into the open air at stated periods, experience daily proving that it has the most invigorating and vivifying influence upon the system. Regard, however, must always be had to the state of the weather; and to a damp condition of the atmosphere the infant should never be exposed, as it is one of the most powerful exciting causes of consumptive disease. The nurse-maid, too, should not be allowed to loiter and linger about, thus exposing the infant unnecessarily, and for an undue length of time; this is generally the source of all the evils which accrue from taking the babe into the open air.

Summary:

The study of eyewitness testimony can be traced back over 100 years. This article outlines how it all began and examines the most commonly researched areas of investigation.

In 1896 Albert Von Schrenk-Notzing testified at the trial of a man accused of murdering three women. Drawing on research into memory and suggestibility he argued that pre-trial publicity meant that witnesses could not distinguish between what they actually saw and what had been reported in the press. ...

Keywords:

eyewitness testimony,eyewitness memory,psychology, forensic psychology, eye witness testimony

Article Body:

The study of eyewitness testimony can be traced back over 100 years. This article outlines how it all began and examines the most commonly researched areas of investigation.

In 1896 Albert Von Schrenk-Notzing testified at the trial of a man accused of murdering three women. Drawing on research into memory and suggestibility he argued that pre-trial publicity meant that witnesses could not distinguish between what they actually saw and what had been reported in the press.

The formal study of eyewitness testimony is usually examined within a framework of cognitive processing, which put simply refers to the different ways in which we make sense of the world around us.

We do this by employing the mental skills at our disposal such as thinking, perception, memory, awareness, reasoning and judgment. Although cognitive processes can only be inferred and cannot be seen directly, they all have very important practical implications within a legal context.

Given that the way we think, perceive, reason and judge can be less than perfect it’s easy to understand why the factors influencing these processes are studied by psychologists'; not least because of the grave implications that this imperfection can have within the criminal justice system. As Huff and Rattner note:

the single most important factor contributing to wrongful conviction is eyewitness misidentification.

Stages of eyewitness memory:

Stage 1: Witnessing the incident.

When witnessing an incident, information about the event is entered into memory, however, research has shown that the accuracy of this initial information acquisition can be influenced by a number of factors.

Take the duration of the event being witnessed for instance. In a very simple experiment conducted by Clifford and Richards(1977), participants are instructed to approach a number of police officers and engage in conversation for either 15 or 30 seconds.

Thirty seconds after the conversation ends, the experimenter asks the police officer to recall details of the person they had just been speaking to using a 10-item checklist. The checklist contains items relating to the persons appearance such as hair colour, facial hair etc. The results of the study showed that in the longer 30 second condition, police were significantly more accurate in their recall.

Stage 2: Waiting period before giving evidence.

This stage is concerned with the period of retention between perception i.e., seeing an incident and the subsequent recollection of that incident. Unsurprisingly, research has consistently found that the longer the gap between witnessing an incident and recalling the incident, the less accurate the recollection of that incident becomes.

There have been numerous experiments, usually related to a staged event, that support this contention. Malpass and Devine (1981), for instance, compared the accuracy of witness identifications after 3 days (short retention period) and 5 months (long retention period). The study found no false identifications after 3 days but after 5 months, 35% of identifications were false.

Stage 3: Giving evidence.

The final stage in the eyewitness memory process relates to the ability of the witness to access and retrieve information from memory. In a legal context, the retrieval of information is usually elicited through a process of questioning and it is for this reason that a great deal of research has investigated the impact of types of questioning on eyewitness memory.

The most substantial body of research has concerned leading questions, which has consistently shown that even very subtle changes in the wording of a question can influence subsequent testimony.

One of the most notable researchers in this field is Elizabeth Loftus who has been investigating eyewitness testimony for over thirty years. In one of her classic studies, participants witnessed a film of a car accident and were asked to estimate the speed of the cars involved. One group of witnesses were asked to estimate the speed of the cars when they contacted each other. A second group of witnesses were asked to estimate the speed of the cars when they smashed each other.

On average the first 'contacted' group gave an estimate of 31.8 miles per hour. Whereas, the average speed in the 'second' smashed group was 40.8 miles per hour.

Experimental validity:

In any discussion of eyewitness memory, you'll see the terms, 'experiment', 'participants' and 'staged event' frequently used. This is because the majority of research into eyewitness memory has been conducted within psychology laboratories.

This raises the very important issue of whether it is possible to generalise the findings obtained under these artificial conditions to real life cases.

The simple, if unsatisfactory answer is that it is very difficult to say. Take for instance the work of Yuille and Cutshall, these researchers conducted a case study with witnesses to a real shooting incident, interviewing them just after the event and again 5 months later. They concluded that the performance and accuracy of the witnesses differed in several respects to what would be expected according to the experimental literature.

However, the strength of laboratory based research is that the experimenter is able to exercise a great deal of control over what happens. In the case study reported by Yuille and Cutshall, it was impossible to know the extent to which the witnesses had conferred and how much media coverage of the incident they had seen, and how much influence this had on their testimony.

If you'd like to find out more about eyewitness memory, you can do so by visiting www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com

Summary:

In the fast-paced world we live in, owning cars is an essential necessity in life. With a car, you can manage your life easier, and more efficiently.

New car buyers usually buy their car in used car dealership to save money.

Most people consider getting another used car and usually sell their first car.

Here are some tips to get you started in buying or selling used cars and in the same time, getting the best deal possible.

Used Car Buyers

The first thing you s...

Keywords:

car, buy car, sell car, used car

Article Body:

In the fast-paced world we live in, owning cars is an essential necessity in life. With a car, you can manage your life easier, and more efficiently.

New car buyers usually buy their car in used car dealership to save money.

Most people consider getting another used car and usually sell their first car.

Here are some tips to get you started in buying or selling used cars and in the same time, getting the best deal possible.

Used Car Buyers

The first thing you should consider when buying a used car is how much you are willing to spend. Knowing what you can and cannot afford is the first step when buying used cars. Saving money is mainly the reason why most people buy used cars. Another reason is that they want a specific model of a car but cannot afford to buy a brand new one. To get the best deals possible you should research, and research some more.

To know how much you can afford you should first figure out your monthly net income. To get the exact figures, you have to first get your total monthly gross income then, deduct all of your monthly expenses like; groceries, insurance, rent payments, mortgage, etc. the result will be your net income.

After you figure out your monthly net income, you should ask yourself:

• How much am I willing to spend on a car?

• How much is the down payment?

• How much can I afford on monthly payments?

While calculating these three important numbers, you should also consider the cost of fuel, registration and insurance. Find out if the vehicles you are interested in are still capable of giving many a good mile to gallon of fuel ratio.

Contact your insurance company to know how much your monthly payments will be on each of the cars you are interested in. Give considerations if the vehicles have safety features like airbags, and anti lock braking system or ABS. Insurance companies usually give discounts if the car has these features.

The biggest disadvantage to buying a used car is the lack of warranty. Private sellers often do not include any warranty on the car they are selling. Another problem when you purchase a used car is the risk of buying a junk.

You may have purchased the car for a very low price but you could have bought a car that will drain your money on maintenance costs.

It is always wise to inspect the car thoroughly first before deciding to buy it. If possible, try to find out about the car’s history. Get some of the car’s service records for you to know a bit about the car’s history.

Selling Used Cars

Selling your old car can prove difficult and time consuming. Most people who tries to sell their used car often gets tired and will just trade it in or sell it in a very low price.

Here are a few tips on selling a used car to get you the best deal possible.

Once you decide to sell your old car, the first thing you should do is set a price for it. To help you with the actual value of your old car in the market, research the car’s make and model in the internet or in your local used car dealership. Ask around.

After you figure out the market value, find out how many vehicles that are similar to yours are in the market, then, increase the price of your old car just a little. This can be helpful when a buyer tries to haggle, which they often do. This gives you an allowance for haggling.

The next step would be evaluating your vehicle. List down your old car’s accessories and other added expenses. This would be a good way to further increase your vehicles price.

You should also include in your list about the condition of the vehicle. The better the condition the faster it sells. You should also present you car’s service records to the buyer.

A service record is a good way to know about the car’s history. If your old car’s service record were clean (no accidents, good maintenance) it would sell faster.

Have you heard of online video websites before? If you are an avid internet user there is a good chance that you have. If you have not, you may be wondering what they are all about.

Online video websites are known as websites that display content in the form of videos. These websites often allow viewers to view the wide awry of videos that are hosted on their websites. Most of the time, these videos can be viewed free of charge. However, there are some videos that require payment. Those videos are likely to be rebroadcasts of popular television shows or music videos.

The type of videos that you can find online will all depend on the online video website that you are visiting. There are some video websites that focus on a particular topic, but most do not. This means that you should be able to find videos that focus on pets, parenting, business, and entertainment, just to name a few. As previously mentioned, most online videos are free to watch. Those videos are likely to be homemade videos or popular videos, where permission was granted to use the videos free of charge.

In addition to being able to watch videos, online video websites also give internet users the ability to make, upload, and share their own videos. Perhaps, this is the best part of online video websites. Many individuals would love to create their own videos, but without online video websites many would not have a place to upload or share their videos. As with viewing videos, most online video websites allow internet users to share their own videos free of charge.

If you are interested in learning more about online video websites, you are advised to perform a standard internet search. That search should provide you with the links to numerous online video websites. In your search, it is likely that you will come across YouTube and Google video. Although they are not the only video sites that can be found online, they are, by far, considered the most popular.

YouTube is popular, like most other video sites, due the fact that it is free to you. You can view a wide collection of videos online, many of them homemade. These videos may include how-to videos, personal videos, comedy skits, and unscripted recordings. With YouTube, you should easily be able to view all of these videos without having to pay a thing. YouTube also allows you to create, upload, and share your own videos, if you choose to do so.

At the current moment, Google Video may not be as well known as YouTube, but its popularity is rapidly on the rise. Google Video has a collection of videos that can be viewed free of charge. Many of these free videos are made by internet users, just like yourself. In addition to free videos, there are also videos that can be purchased, for a small fee. These types of videos often include popular music videos and newly released music videos. As with YouTube, Goggle Video also gives internet users the option of creating and sharing their own videos.

If you have been looking for ways to enjoy entertainment online, you are urged to examine online video websites and what they have to offer, if you haven’t done so already. With all of the videos that can be found online, you are sure to find what you are looking for and then some.

Hip dysplasia is a poor formation of the hip joints, which is a common growing disease with younger dogs of virtually every breed. With larger breeds, unsteady hip joints are common, although hip dysplasia can be a serious problem that will limit the physical activity of your Golden. Although many Golden Retriever owners don’t realize it, hip dysplasia is something that dogs inherit from their parents, and gets worse with age.

The signs and symptoms of hip dysplasia is nearly impossible to detect with Golden puppies, although it will start to show once the pup has reached the age of nine months. Even though you may take your Golden to the vet to have him looked at, your vet will tell you that you need to wait to see if the symptoms are there, once the Golden Retriever has reached a certain age.

The symptoms and signs of hip dysplasia vary, although the most common include crippling or the inability to walk properly. This disease can get better once the dog gets older though, due to the joints stabilizing, the inflammation going down, and the muscles in the hips getting stronger and more mature. Keep in mind however, that Golden’s who have hip dysplasia when they are younger will more than likely develop arthritis when they get older.

Golden Retrievers that suffer from hip dysplasia aren’t fit for breeding, although they can still live a long and healthy life. There are certain drugs that your vet can prescribe to your dog, which will help him control his weight and help control the disease. These drugs can also cut down on the pain as well, helping your Golden enjoy himself as much as possible.

Some Golden Retrievers that have hip dysplasia won’t begin to show any signs at all until they get a few years old, once the muscles start to wear down and the damage to the hip muscles start to become more noticeable. Although your dog may be active and healthy for most of his puppy years, dysplasia can slow everything down and make your dog look as if he is old and is suffering from the physical attributes of arthritis.

To eliminate the pain of hip dysplasia, there are surgery options available. Golden Retrievers have a high threshold for pain, and won’t normally show any signs of being in pain, even though you know they are. X-rays won’t show any signs of pain, although the limping or slow walking will tell you that your dog is hurting. Golden Retriever’s who have this disease won’t know it - which is why you should help as much as possible. If you do your part and help your dog seek relief - he will feel better than ever before - although he won’t let you know he hurt any at all.